
The Need for Extra-PVs Approaches
During the years spanning from the 2000s to the 2010s, various new extra-PVs approaches emerged, prompted by the lack of efficacy of anatomical approaches for the treatment of persistent AF. However, these new approaches were often difficult to reproduce and the results inconclusive. In parallel, the rapid advancement of new mapping technologies in the electrophysiology field enabled physicians to better understand arrhythmia's mechanism and develop signal-centered approaches.